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6 hours ago
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The British home secretary’s decision to reduce protections for potential trafficking victims to allow the “one in, one out” asylum returns deal to proceed was unlawful, a high court judge has ruled.
The legal challenge was brought by five small boat asylum seekers earmarked for return to France – four from Eritrea and one from Sudan. It related to a change in guidance on the one in, one out scheme, which meant that those denied trafficking protections no longer had the right to ask for it to be reconsidered.
In a lengthy judgment published on Friday morning, Mr Justice Sheldon found that Shabana Mahmood’s decision on the guidance was unlawful.
But other elements relating to individual decisions taken by the home secretary relating to the five cases were found to be lawful.
The judge found that the decision to amend the trafficking guidance to prevent reconsideration of cases given an initial negative decision made a “real difference” in two of the asylum seekers’ cases, but did not make a difference in two of the other cases.
All five asylum seekers were given permission by the judge to proceed with their legal claims.
The judgment is likely to have significant implications, with many asylum seekers who arrive in small boats potentially victims of trafficking, especially if they have passed through Libya on their journey to the UK.
The one in, one out deal involves one person who has travelled from France to the UK on a small boat being forcibly returned to France in exchange for another asylum seeker in France who has not attempted to cross the Channel.
Mahmood amended the trafficking reconsideration guidance in order to expedite returns of some small boat arrivals to France.
Since the scheme started last August it is likely that more than 1,000 people have been removed to France under the scheme. Many have subsequently disappeared. Hundreds more small boat arrivals are in UK detention centres awaiting forced return to France.
The home secretary argued that because France is a signatory to treaties protecting trafficking victims that their cases could be dealt with in France. However, the court heard evidence that victims of trafficking who are not French or were not trafficked in France do not get the same protections in France. In the UK all trafficking victims have a right to the same protections.
According to disclosures made by the government during the case, officials were aware there could have been problems with accommodating some of the asylum seekers sent back to France due to shortages of places for them to live.
It also emerged that even before the UK prime minister, Keir Starmer, and French president, Emmanuel Macron, agreed the one in, one out deal on 10 July 2025, officials were aware that the French government did not afford equal protection to asylum seekers returned from the UK who may have been trafficked in countries such as Libya compared with that given to French trafficking victims or to those who were trafficked inside France.
Sheldon, who found that the home secretary had acted unlawfully by taking away the right for asylum seekers to have initially negative trafficking decisions reconsidered, said: “In my judgment such a decision-making process cannot be regarded as robust and effective.”
Three of the five asylum seekers who challenged the policy were removed to France by the Home Office. Lawyers are calling on the home secretary to bring them back to the UK.
Elizabeth Cole, a solicitor at Duncan Lewis, representing two of the five asylum seekers in the case, welcomed the court’s decision that the home secretary’s change to the trafficking policy was unlawful.
“This has had significant consequences: large numbers of vulnerable people have been unlawfully removed to France as a result,” Cole said. “We now urge the home secretary to acknowledge her obligations under both the treaty and domestic law, and bring our client, as well as potentially many others who have been unlawfully removed, back to the UK.”
The asylum seeker that Cole represents said: “It is really a feeling of hopelessness that I have. I believe that the Home Office had all the evidence in my case, but chose not to consider this. In their doing so, they failed to consider my case properly. I truly believe if they had properly considered my evidence, I would not have been returned to France.”
Zubier Yazdani of Deighton Pierce Glynn, representing one of the other asylum seekers, said: “We are pleased that the court has rightly recognised that reconsideration is a fundamental safeguard.”
Emma Ginn, the director of the charity charity Medical Justice, which works with immigration detainees, said: “This is symptomatic of the government’s reprehensible attitude to trafficking survivors. Our clients’ medical evidence is disregarded and their trafficking disclosures are treated as an inconvenient impediment to removal.”
